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81 danmap 2015 7. resistance in indicator bacteria e.
faecalis
, e. faecium and e. coli have been included in the danmap programme since 1995, where
isolates
were recov- ered for susceptibility testing in samples from broilers, cattle and pigs. sampling of fresh
meat
was initiated from 1997. indicator enterococci and e. coli from healthy humans was col- lected from 2002 to 2005. results from surveys of esbl-pro- ducing bacteria from animals and
meat
have been presented in danmap reports since 2006-2007. 7.1 enterococci for enterococci, danmap 2015 includes randomly collected enterococcus
faecalis
isolates
from healthy pigs (caecum samples) and e.
faecalis
and e. faecium from domestically produced and imported broiler
meat
, pork and beef sold at wholesale and retail outlets (
meat
samples). only one isolate per farm or
meat
sample was included. for details on method- ology, see chapter 9, materials and methods. in 2014, the panel for susceptibility testing was changed to follow the recommendations of efsa by excluding kanamycin, penicillin, salinomycin and streptomycin, but including dapto- mycin. mic distributions for e. faecium and e.
faecalis
from animals and
meat
are presented in the web annex (tables a7.1 ? a7.3). 7.1.1 e.
faecalis
from domestically produced broiler
meat
from a total of 217 samples of domestically produced broiler
meat
, 48 e.
faecalis
isolates
was recovered and tested for anti- microbial resistance (table 7.1). enterococci were not collected from broilers in 2015. as in 2014, approximately half of the e.
faecalis
isolates
from domestically produced broiler
meat
were fully sensitive to the antimicrobial agents included in the test panel (not includ- ing quinupristin/dalfopristin). among the resistant
isolates
all were tetracycline-resistant, representing a significant increase compared to 2014 (48% versus 35% of all
isolates
). increasing resistance levels were observed for several bacterial species isolated from danish broilers and broiler
meat
in 2015, and may likely be related to the increase in usage of antimicrobial agents for broilers in 2015 (table 4.1). resistance to tetracy- cline and erythromycin in e.
faecalis
from danish broilers and broiler
meat
has increased over the last five years; reaching levels for
isolates
from domestically produced broiler
meat
similar to what was observed in 2002-2004 (figure 7.1). there are no data to verify if the increase in resistance levels in danish broilers continued in 2015. however, none of the e.
faecalis
isolates
from domestically produced broiler
meat
were resistant to fluoroquinolones or vancomycin in 2015, and resistance levels to these antimicro- bial agents among e.
faecalis
from danish broilers and
meat
hereof, has been close to zero for the last 15 years. 7.1.2 e.
faecalis
from pigs and domestically produced pork a total of 703 samples from pigs and domestically produced pork resulted in 160 e.
faecalis
isolates
, which were tested for antimicrobial resistance. generally, the level of resistance is higher in e.
faecalis
from pigs compared to
isolates
from broilers. in 2015, the level of e.
faecalis
isolates
from pigs that were fully sensitive to the antimicrobial agents included in the test panel (not including quinupristin/dalfopristin) was slightly higher than observed in 2014 (25% versus 15%). as in previous years, most of
isolates
from pigs were resis- tant to tetracycline and resistance to erythromycin was also antimicrobial agent broiler
meat
beef pigs pork danish % imported % danish % imported % danish % danish % imported % tetracycline 48 58 12 22 72 14 44 tigecycline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 chloramphenicol 2 0 0 2 15 4 0 ampicillin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 erythromycin 25 33 2 2 35 6 11 gentamicin 0 1 0 0 10 2 4 ciprofloxacin 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 vancomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 teicoplanin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 linezolid 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 daptomycin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 number of
isolates
48 78 57 59 40 120 27 table 7.1. resistance (%) among enterococcus
faecalis
from animals and
meat
of danish and imported origin, denmark danmap 2015
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