resistance-isolates-observed-92.html
DANMAP 2015 3D
93 / 144
93 danmap 2015 7.
resistance
in indicator bacteria 7.3 extended spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)/ampc- and carbapenemase-producing e.
coli
danmap 2015 includes randomly collected esbl/ampc e.
coli
isolates
from healthy pigs and cattle at slaughter (caecum samples) and from domestically produced and imported broiler meat, pork and beef sold at wholesale and retail outlets (meat samples). only one isolate per farm or meat sample was in- cluded. antimicrobial susceptibility testing was only performed on
isolates
from pigs, cattle and meat thereof in line with european commission decision 2013/652/eu on the monitor- ing and reporting of antimicrobial
resistance
in zoonotic and commensal bacteria. the samples were collected, and
isolates
were recovered, identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility in accordance with decision 2013/652/eu. it is important to note that the changes in methodology introduced by decision 2013/652/eu most likely increased the recovery of esbl-, ampc- and carbapenemase-producing e.
coli
in 2015. thus, caution should be taken when evaluating the occurrence of esbl/ampc e.
coli
in samples from 2015 and when comparing these data with results from previ- ous years. for details on methodology, see textbox 7.1 and chapter 9, materials and methods. in e.
coli
, an esbl phenotype is defined by i)
resistance
to cefotaxime or ceftazidime and ii) susceptibility to cefoxitin and iii) synergy with clavulanic acid (synergy being defined as a ? 3 twofold concentration decrease in a mic for either cefotaxime or ceftazidime tested in combination with clavulanic acid versus the mic of the agent when tested alone. e.g. mic fot : fot/cl or taz : taz/cl ratio ? 8). differently, an ampc-phenotype is characterized by i)
resistance
to cefotaxime or ceftazidime and ii)
resistance
to cefoxitin and iii) no synergy with clavulanic acid. a carbapenemase (cpe) phenotype is defined by
resistance
to meropenem. the mic distributions and occurrence of
resistance
among esbl/ampc e.
coli
are presented in the web annex (tables a7.6 and a7.7). 7.3.1. esbl/ampc-producing e.
coli
from pigs and domestically produced and imported pork using the pre-enrichment procedure, cefotaxime-resistant e.
coli
were detected from pigs (29% of samples), domesti- cally produced pork (2% of samples) and imported pork (2% of samples) (table 7.4). the majority of
isolates
of domestic origin displayed an ampc-phenotype, and only 12 of 82
isolates
displayed an esbl-phenotype (textbox 7.1 for further discussion). no carbapenemase phenotype was detected. among the esbl/ampc-producing e.
coli
isolates
from pigs,
resistance
to gentamicin (n = 6) or chloramphenicol (n = 1) oc- curred in a low proportion of
isolates
. azithromycin
resistance
was observed in three
isolates
using the tentative cut-off of mic>16 µg/ml, and no
resistance
to ciprofloxacin was detected (table 7.4). a low number of esbl/ampc-producing e.
coli
isolates
(n = 4) was isolated from domestically produced pork . in these
isolates
, co-
resistance
patterns and levels were similar to those observed in esbl/ampc-producing e.
coli
from danish pigs. only one esbl/ampc-producing e.
coli
strain was isolated from imported pork. this isolate exhibited an esbl pheno- type together with
resistance
to ciprofloxacin, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim (table 7.4). the carbapenemase phenotype was not found in either domestically produced or imported pork 7.3.2 esbl/ampc-producing e.
coli
from cattle and domestically produced and imported beef using the pre-enrichment procedure, cefotaxime-resistant e.
coli
were detected from cattle (8% of samples), domesti- cally produced beef (1% of samples) and imported beef (4% of samples). half of the
isolates
displayed an ampc pheno- type, and slightly less than the remaining half of the
isolates
displayed an esbl phenotype (table 7.4 and textbox 7.1 for further discussion). one isolate did not fall within the defini- tions of ampc and esbl phenotype (other phenotypes) and no carbapenemase phenotype was observed. among the esbl/ampc -producing e.
coli
isolates
from cattle, co-
resistance
to gentamicin and chloramphenicol occurred in a low number of
isolates
, whereas co-
resistance
to sulfon- amides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim was slightly more common (table 7.4). none of the
isolates
displayed
resistance
to azithromycin,
coli
stin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and tigecy- cline (table 7.4).
100-coli-table-94.html
