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DANMAP 2015 3D
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antimicrobial
consumption in animals
4. 4. antimicrobial consumption in animals 4.1 introduction the use
of antimicrobial agents in humans and animals has been monitored by the danmap programme since 1995. since the early 1990s, there has been both political and public focus on the use of antimicrobial agents in the danish animal produc- tion. this resulted in discontinued use of several antimicrobial agents used for growth promotion from 1994-1999, and more recently, in a voluntary ban of use of cephalosporins in the pig and dairy cattle production, as well as in regulatory legislation regarding therapeutic use [danmap 2010]. overall, the antimicrobial consumption for both humans and animals has increased since the late 1990s. figure 4.1 shows the total antimicrobial consumption in animals and humans since 1994 and 1997, respectively. increases in antimicro- bial consumption for animals can partly be explained by the increase in pork production, which constitutes approximately 86% of the meat production in denmark (table 3.1), however, risk management measures to reduce consumption have also played a role. the prescription patterns were clearly influenced by imple- mented legislation (figure 4, chapter 2). for example, the decrease in antimicrobial consumption after 1994 was likely the result of the following important actions: 1) limitation of veterinarians profit from sales of medicine 2) implementation of preventive veterinary strategies with veterinary advisory service contracts (vascs) and regular monthly visits from the veterinarian in order to promote preventive veterinary strate- gies and optimize antimicrobial use, and 3) enforcement of the so called ?cascade rule? [order (dk) 142/1993], which limits the use of (cheaper) extemporaneously produced medicines. the latter particularly affected the use of tetracyclines from 1994. another important intervention was the restriction on the use of fluoroquinolones in production animals through legislation implemented in 2002 and 2003. furthermore, in july 2010, the pig industry imposed a voluntary ban on the use of cephalosporins. this was followed by a similar initiative by dairy cattle farmers in july 2014. from 2010 to 2011, consumption decreased following the introduction of threshold values for antimicrobial consumption adopted within the ?yellow card initiative?. this enforces legal actions on pig farmers with high antimicrobial agent use per pig [danmap 2010]. effects from other parts of the legislation may be less obvious, must also be considered, when interpret- ing the veterinary prescription patterns. official veterinary guidelines regarding the selection of an- timicrobial agents for pigs and cattle, have existed available since 1996. the guidelines provide specific recommendations for selection of the appropriate antimicrobial treatment of all common indications in the major production animal species. initially, guidelines were developed by the national veterinary laboratory (presently, national veterinary institute, dtu). since 2005, the guidelines have been updated by the danish highlights: in 2015, the overall use of antimicrobials for animals decreased by 4%. this was mainly caused by a 5% decrease in antimicrobial usage in the pig industry, which is the dominant user of antimicrobials for animals in denmark. the use of tetracycline, aminogly- cosides and pleuromutilins for pigs has decreased consistently over the last three years. in the poultry production (other than turkeys), the use of antimicrobials increased by 184% in 2015, due to several serious disease outbreaks in the broiler production. in contrast, the use for turkeys decreased by 41%. the fur animal industry also experienced serious disease outbreaks in 2015, which is reflected in a 23% increase antimicrobial usage. the use of critically important antimicrobials remained low in the pig production, and other food production animals. in companion animals, however, the use of critically important anti- microbials remained relatively high compared with other species, but has decreased over the last three years. it is, however, of some concern that the use of colistin in pigs has increased, especially from 2014 to 2015. colistin is of increasing importance as a last resort antimicro- bial in human medicine. for the first time since danmap 2004, the use of coccidiostats is also presented in this report; the total use of coccidiostats in denmark has increased steadily from 2008 to 2015.
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