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DANMAP 2015 3D
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danmap 2015 68
resistance
in zoonotic bacteria 6. 6. resistance in zoonotic bacteria zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted be- tween animals and human
s, either through direct contact with animals or indirectly by contaminated food. zoonotic bacteria, such as salmonella and campylobacter , can develop resistance towards antimicrobial agents, which subsequently may lead to limited treatment possibilities or even treatment failure of human infectious diseases. the development and spread of an- timicrobial resistance is multi-factorial and can happen in many ways, including antimicrobial treatment of animals and humans, transfer of genes between bacteria or spread of very persistent and strong survivor strains carrying resistance genes. a more detailed description of the trends and sources of zoonoses in denmark and of national surveillance and control programmes can be found in the annual report on zoonoses in denmark 2015 [www.food.dtu.dk]. zoonotic bacteria ( salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enter- itidis, campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli ) have been included in the danmap programme since 1995, where iso- lates were recovered for susceptibility testing in samples from broilers, cattle and pigs as well as from human cases. sampling of fresh meat was initiated from 1997. 6.1 salmonella salmonella is the second most important zoonotic bacterial pathogen in denmark and can have a severe impact on both ani- mal production and human health [annual report on zoonoses in denmark 2015]. in denmark and the rest of the europe, s . enteritidis and s . typhimurium are the serotypes most frequently found to be associated with human illness. human cases caused by s . enteritidis are most commonly associated with the con- sumption of contaminated eggs or poultry meat, whereas s . typhimurium cases are mostly associated with the consump- tion of contaminated pork, beef or poultry meat. salmonella isolates
for danmap 2015 were derived from national surveillance and control programmes. pig isolates originate from slaughterhouses, where representative samples of healthy pigs (caecum samples) and pork (carcass swabs) are sampled each year. salmonellosis is a notifiable disease and isolates from all reported human s . typhimurium cases are susceptibility tested. only one isolate per farm, meat sample or human case was included. for details see chapter 9, materi- als and methods. salmonella from domestic broilers, layers and cattle as well as some other types of meat including imports are also monitored in denmark each year. however, they do not contribute to danmap 2015, as only few isolates were found and thus, fall below the inclusion threshold for danmap of 15 isolates per population. these data are however reported to efsa, and are included in the european union summary report on antimicro- bial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2015. the danmap report primarily presented resistance among s . typhimurium. resistance in all salmonella serotypes detected highlights: the occurrence of monophasic salmonella typhimurium , which are often multi- resistant, has increased in pigs, pork and among isolates from human infections over the past decade leading to the current high levels of resistance to ampicillin, sulfonamide and tetracycline (50-80%). previously, human cases associated with travel had significantly higher levels of resistance compared to domestic cases; however in 2015 the monophasic clone resulted in similar levels of resistance for many antimicrobial agents. an exception be- ing resistance to quinolones that was higher among isolates from the travel-related human cases. as a result of pig producers? highly restrictive use of antibiotics critical for human treatment, fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) resistance has been absent from s. typhimurium from pigs and domestically produced pork for several years. resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins and carbapenems have remained very low in s. typhimurium from domestic cases and absent among the salmonella isolates from danish pigs and pork. over the last 15 years, resistance to fluoroquinolone and tetracycline has slowly increased among campylobacter jejuni from broilers; however most isolates remain fully sensitive. the level of fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter jejuni continues to be higher among isolates from imported broiler meat compared with isolates from danish broilers.
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