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DANMAP 2015 3D
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87 danmap 2015 7.
resistance
in indicator bacteria 7.2 indicator escherichia
coli
for indicator e.
coli
, danmap 2015 includes randomly collected
isolates
from healthy pigs, broilers and cattle at slaughter (cae- cum samples) and from domestically produced and imported broiler meat, pork and beef sold at wholesale and retail outlets (meat samples). only one isolate per farm or meat sample was included. for details on methodology, see chapter 9, materials and methods. in 2014 the panel for antimicrobial susceptibility testing was changed to follow the recommendations of efsa by excluding apramycin, ceftiofur, florfenicol, neomycin, streptomycin and spectinomycin and replacing them with ceftazidime, merope- nem and tigecycline. the mic distributions and occurrence of
resistance
among indicator e.
coli
are presented in the web annex (tables a7.4 and a7.5). 7.2.1 indicator e.
coli
from broilers and domestically produced broiler meat a total of 396 processed samples from broilers and domesti- cally produced meat resulted in 309 e.
coli
isolates
, which were tested for antimicrobial
resistance
. the number of
isolates
was much lower compared to previous years as, according to the eu legislation, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of e.
coli
isolates
from chickens was not mandatory in 2015. approximately half (56%) of indicator e.
coli
isolates
from broilers were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. high occurrence of
resistance
was detected towards ampicillin, tet- racyclines, trimethoprim and sulfonamides, low occurrence of
resistance
was detected towards quinolones (table 7.3). the most common co-
resistance
profiles were
resistance
to ampicil- lin and sulfonamides in combination with trimethoprim alone (n=9) and with trimethoprim and tetracyclines (n=7). fluoroquinolone
resistance
was observed in eight
isolates
from broilers and in five (62%) of these
isolates
, fluoroqui- nolone
resistance
was exhibited together with
resistance
to other antimicrobials (ampicillin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim in various combinations). occurrence of fluoroquinolone-resistant e.
coli
was significantly higher in broilers compared to pigs and cattle. no
resistance
to cefotaxime, ceftazidime,
coli
stin, meropenem and tigecycline was detected in
isolates
from broilers (table 7.3). nevertheless, by using a pre-enrichment procedure, cefotaxime-resistant e.
coli
were detected, as reported in textbox 7.1. compared to 2014, a significant increase in
resistance
to ampicillin, tetracyclines, trimethoprim and sulfonamides was observed. these are the highest proportions of
isolates
resis- tant to ampicillin, tetracyclines and sulfonamides detected in danmap since 2001 (figure 7.4), whereas the proportion of
isolates
resistant to trimethoprim was the highest detected in danmap since 2007 (data not presented). due to changes in the range of tested trimethoprim concentrations, trimethoprim data of earlier danmap iterations cannot be used for compari- son. the use of antimicrobial agents increased considerably in 2014 and 2015 due to e.
coli
or other infections in a large number of broiler flocks, thus it appears that the occurrence of antimicrobial
resistance
generally correlates with antimicrobial use. the use of tetracyclines, penicillins (other), sulfonamides and trimethoprim has increased steadily in broilers since 2012, whereas increase in the use of penicillins (b-lactamase sensi- tive), aminoglycosides and lincosamides was observed since 2014 (section 4.3). fluoroquinolones have not been used in the danish broiler production from 2010 to 2014, and were used in very small amounts in 2015, which likely explains the low occurrence of fluoroquinolone
resistance
detected. similarly, very low occurrence of chloramphenicol
resistance
is likely linked to limited use of amphenicols since 2010. among e.
coli
isolates
from danish broiler meat , the occur- rence of susceptibility and
resistance
paralleled that observed in broilers. thus, 54% of
isolates
were susceptible to all antimi- crobials, and high proportions of
isolates
showed
resistance
to- wards ampicillin, tetracyclines, trimethoprim and sulfonamides. low occurrence of
resistance
was detected towards quino- lones and very low occurrence of
resistance
was detected towards cefotaxime (0.4%), gentamicin and chloramphenicol (table 7.3). no
resistance
to azithromycin, ceftazidime,
coli
stin, meropenem and tigecycline was detected. the proportion of broiler meat
isolates
susceptible to all an- timicrobials diminished compared to 2014, when it was 70%. the occurrence of
resistance
towards ampicillin, tetracyclines and trimethoprim was significantly higher than that observed in domestically produced broiler meat in 2014 (figure 7.4). overall, in 2015, the occurrence of
resistance
to the different antimicrobial agents for which data are available over time, were the highest observed since 2004, with the notable exception of 3rd generation cephalosporins, for which the highest occurrence of
resistance
was observed in 2011 and has been decreasing since then (figure 7.4). 7.2.2. indicator e.
coli
from pigs and domestically produced pork during 2015, processing of a total of 403 samples from pigs and domestically produced meat resulted in 231 e.
coli
iso- lates, which were tested for antimicrobial
resistance
. among the e.
coli
from pigs , high occurrence of ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim and sulfonamide
resistance
was de- tected (table 7.3), and only 47% of the
isolates
were suscepti-
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