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DANMAP 2015 3D
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73 danmap 2015 6.
resistance
in zoonotic bacteria domestically and travel associated cases from 2014 and 2015 and
resistance
to chloramphenicol in the travel associated cases (24%) were also significantly higher in 2015 when compared to the domestically acquired cases (12%). regarding
resistance
to antimicrobial agents critical for treatment of human infections,
resistance
to 3rd generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and/or ceftazidime) was found in 11 s . typhimurium
isolates
(5% of cases); from 8 travel-related cases and 3 domestic cases. the
resistance
being significantly higher in
isolates
from travel-related cases (12%) when com- pared to
isolates
from domestic cases (2%). among all s . typhimurium
isolates
tested between 2002 and 2015, there is a decline in
resistance
to all antimicrobi- als tested in the years 2008 and 2009 (figure 6.3). starting in 2008 we had one of the largest outbreaks ever seen in denmark that ran for two years. the outbreak was caused by a fully sensitive s . typhimurium clone and therefore has a huge impact on the trend graph.
resistance
to spectomycin, chlor- amphenicol and florfenicol has declined between 2002 and 2015, due to a general decline of the s . typhimurium dt104 clone holding
resistance
to these antimicrobials.
resistance
to ampicillin, sulfonamide, streptomycin and tetracycline are generally high over the 14 year period as the declining dt104 clone was replaced by a new emerging variant of monophasic s. typhimurium; both clones possessing
resistance
to ampicil- lin, sulfonamide, streptomycin and tetracycline. johanne ellis-iversen, helle korsgaard and mia torpdahl 6.2 campylobacter thermotolerant campylobacter are the most commonly re- ported causes of gastrointestinal bacterial infections in humans in denmark as well as in the european union [eu summary report 2014, ecdc/efsa 2015]. the species most commonly associated with human infections is c. jejuni , but other species may also cause infections. in denmark, 85-95% of the human campylobacteriosis cases are caused by c. jejuni. campylobacter are widespread in nature and the most impor- tant reservoirs are the alimentary tract of wild and domesti- cated birds and mammals. among sporadic human cases,
broilers
have been identified as the primary source of infection, though other sources also exist, e.g. water from untreated water sources and other infected animals. for campylobacter , danmap 2015 includes randomly col- lected
isolates
from
broilers
and cattle at slaughter (cae- cum samples) and from broiler meat ready for retail (meat samples). campylobacteriosis is a notifiable disease, however only a random selection of
isolates
from reported human c. jejuni cases are susceptibility tested. only one isolate per farm, meat sample or human case was included. for details see chapter 9, materials and methods. in 2014 the panel for susceptibility testing was changed to fol- low the recommendations of efsa by excluding chlorampheni- col. mic distributions for c. jejuni from
broilers
and cattle, broiler meat and humans are presented in the web annex (tables a6.6 - a6.8). 6.2.1 c. jejuni in
broilers
and domestically produced broiler meat a total of 286 samples from
broilers
and domestically pro- duced meat resulted in 83 c. jejuni
isolates
, which were tested for antimicrobial
resistance
. this was much lower than the 191
isolates
in 2014 where monitoring of poultry was mandatory in the eu. the level of fully sensitive c. jejuni
isolates
in both
broilers
and danish broiler meat in 2015 (table 6.3) remained similar to 2014 (68% and 74%, respectively). among the resistant iso- lates,
resistance
to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid is dominant (21 of 24
isolates
, in total). for both
broilers
and danish broiler meat,
resistance
levels in c. jejuni
isolates
were comparable to 2014. however, over the last 15 years the proportion of
isolates
from danish
broilers
fully sensitive to the six antimicrobial agents included in the current test panel has decreased from around 90%, as a result of an increase in
resistance
to tetracycline and quinolones (figure 6.4) - following the trend in europe even though at a slower rate [eu summary report 2014, ecdc/efsa 2015]. from 2002 to 2011, a steady increase in
resistance
to cipro- floxacin was observed in c. jejuni
isolates
from
broilers
and danish broiler meat; even after 2009 where the poultry indus- try stopped using fluoroquinolones in the broiler production. however, during the last five years,
resistance
to ciprofloxacin has fluctuated reaching 27% in 2015 (figure 6.4). the eu average 2014-level of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline
resistance
among c. jejuni from broiler was 66% and 54%, respectively [eu summary report 2014, ecdc/efsa 2015]. in contrast to the overall increasing occurrence of quinolone resistant c. jejuni
isolates
from
broilers
, the increase has discontinued for tetracycline
resistance
over the last two years (figure 6.4). the consumption of antimicrobial agents in danish
broilers
is generally low, but tetracycline has been one of the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in danish
broilers
over the last decade. consumption of tetracyclines, sulphonamide/trimethoprim, aminoglycosides and lincosamides increased considerably in 2015 due an increased occurrence of e. coli or other infections, associ- ated with high mortality and increased health problems in the affected flocks. however, this is not reflected in the
resistance
patterns in c. jenuni
isolates
from
broilers
or broiler meat in contrast to increased
resistance
in indicator e. coli (figure 7.3).
isolates-resistance-jejuni-74.html
