resistance-coli-antimicrobial-12.html
DANMAP 2015 3D
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13 danmap 2015 2. danmap - 20 years novel
antimicrobial
resistance mechanisms as new resistance mechanisms have emerged in the world, danmap has been used to evaluate the impact of these re- sistance determinants in all fields in denmark. the occurrence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) in e. coli was reported from europe already in the 1980s, but did not reach denmark on a larger scale until around 2005. the first esbl-positive klebsiella isolates from humans were reported in 1998 [hansen et al, 1998]. a prospective study of isolates from blood cultures at herlev hospital in 2003 found three isolates (0.8%) of 380 consecutive e. coli and klebsiella spp. [kjerulf et al,
2008
]. the first esbl-positive isolates in food animals was a salmonella heidelberg isolate from a boar in 2003 imported from canada [aarestrup et al, 2004]. since then, several studies have been conducted to evaluate the importance of esbl-producing e. coli in animals and humans. resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins in e. coli as a marker for esbl-production was introduced in danmap 2009. while ctx-m-15 has been the dominating genotype among e. coli and klebsiella spp. in humans (around 50-70% of all esbls) this type has rarely been found in danish production animals, indicating that little transfer of these types occur from danish husbandry to humans. resistance towards 3rd generation cephalosporins has been around 5-6% in e. coli from urine cultures from 2010 ? 2015 although there is a slight increas- ing tendency in resistance in urines from primary health care. the lack of steep increases in resistance seems to indicate that policy changes in response to surveillance and research, e.g. recommendations on reduced use of cephalosporins and other broadspectrum antibiotics in
antimicrobial
guidelines, have had an impact, probably associated with implementation of measures on infectious disease control. the new fluoroquinolone resistance gene, qnr , was reported for the first time in denmark in a collaborative veterinary and human research project under danmap in 2007 [cavaco et al, 2007]. the new global threat from carbapenemase-producing entero- bacteriaceae (cpe) has also been recognised in the danish community since
2008
. this is now under intense scrutiny at statens serum institut (ssi), which offers whole-genome se- quencing on all submitted carbapenemase-producing bacteria from clinical laboratories. until 2014, most of the cases were related to travel abroad, but from 2014 for many cases no figure 1. resistance (%) in indicator and diagnostic escherichia coli from pigs, cattle and broilers, denmark 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 % resistant isolates pigs healthy
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 97.2 tonnes production volume
2008
: 1.985
mill
. kg meat broilers healthy
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 571 kg production volume
2008
: 186
mill
. kg meat cattle healthy
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 14.5 tonnes production volume
2008
: 138
mill
. kg meat, 4.575
mill
kg milk 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 % resistant isolates ampicillin streptomycin sulfonamide tetracycline pigs diagnostic - o149 cattle diagnostic - k99 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 % resistant isolates
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 97.2 tonnes production volume
2008
: 1.985
mill
. kg meat
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 571 kg production volume
2008
: 186
mill
. kg meat
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 14.5 tonnes production volume
2008
: 138
mill
. kg meat, 4.575
mill
kg milk 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 ampicillin streptomycin sulfonamide tetracycline pigs healthy broilers healthy cattle healthy pigs diagnostic - o149 cattle diagnostic - k99 % resistant isolates 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 % resistant isolates pigs healthy
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 97.2 tonnes production volume
2008
: 1.985
mill
. kg meat broilers healthy
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 571 kg production volume
2008
: 186
mill
. kg meat cattle healthy
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 14.5 tonnes production volume
2008
: 138
mill
. kg meat, 4.575
mill
kg milk 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 % resistant isolates ampicillin streptomycin sulfonamide tetracycline pigs diagnostic - o149 cattle diagnostic - k99 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 % resistant isolates
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 97.2 tonnes production volume
2008
: 1.985
mill
. kg meat
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 571 kg production volume
2008
: 186
mill
. kg meat
antimicrobial
consumption
2008
: 14.5 tonnes production volume
2008
: 138
mill
. kg meat, 4.575
mill
kg milk 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 01 02 03 04 05 ampicillin streptomycin sulfonamide tetracycline pigs healthy broilers healthy cattle healthy pigs diagnostic - o149 cattle diagnostic - k99 % resistant isolates note. example of relationship between
antimicrobial
resistance in e. coli found from healthy pigs, cattle and broilers (indicator e. coli ) and from diagnostic samples (pigs and cattle) from 2001-
2008
. the total
antimicrobial
consumption and total meat/milk prodution for
2008
[danmap
2008
] is also presented.
data-use-antimicrobials-14.html
